Arguments For Existence Of God Essays - , Term Papers

Arguments For Existence Of God Many philosophers and theologians have provided varying arguments for the existence of God. These arguments are either a priori, understood independent of worldly experience and observation (Ontological Argument), or a posteriori, dependent on experience and based on observations of how the world is (Cosmological and Teleological Arguments). This paper will focus on the Cosmological Argument, and show that its underlying principle, the Principle of Sufficient Reason, fails to establish it as a sound argument for the existence of God. To accomplish this, I will, first, define the Cosmological Argument and the Principle of Sufficient Reason; then explain the argument, and how it is based on the Principle of Sufficient Reason; and finally, show that there is not enough evidence to prove that the Principle of Sufficient Reason is true, which in turn leads to the flaw in the Cosmological Argument. First, what are the Cosmological Argument and the Principle of Sufficient Reason? There are many versions of the argument. Saint Thomas Aquinas (in the thirteenth century) and Samuel Clarke (in the eighteenth century) are the dominant contributors in the development of the argument (Rowe 21). Though their arguments differ slightly, both men based their arguments on the observation that the world is rooted on causal relationships. Their arguments can be summarized into one argument as follows: (1) Either the world is made up of things that depend on others for their existence (dependent beings), or things that are self-existent (independent beings). (2) Not everything can depend on another for its existence. (3) Therefore, there is some self-existing being, and that being is God. The Principle of Sufficient Reason (PSR) maintains that there must be an explanation (a) of the existence of any being, and (b) of any positive fact whatever (Rowe 24). Thus, there is an explanation for why I exist (PSRa), and also an explanation for every feature of my life (PSRb). Second, what is the meaning of the argument and how is it based on PSR? Premise (1) stems from Anselm's division of beings into the three cases: 'explained by another [dependent beings],''explained by nothing,''and explained by itself [independent/self-existing being]' (Rowe 22). The first rule of PSR holds that every being must have an explanation for its existence. A being that is explained by nothing violates this first rule, and as a result, is left out of premise (1). This allows for only two possible types of beings -- either dependent or self-existent. If you hold PSR to be true, them premise (1) is uncontroversial. Because it is an either, or statement, only one of the two types of beings needs to exist for the premise to be true. We know that there are at least dependent beings, so premise (1) is true. Premise (2) states that everything cannot be a dependent being. Why is this the case? William Rowe does an excellent job of explaining why if PSR is true, then premise (2) is also true. He (Rowe 24-25) says let's suppose that there has never been a self-existing being, but only an infinite series of dependent beings. In this series, every being has an explanation, because it is explained by the being that came before it and that caused its existence (follows with PSRa), but what caused the series? PSRb says that the fact that the series exists requires it to have an explanation, but if there have only existed dependent beings, the series will not have an explanation. It won't do to say that As [where As equal dependent beings] have always been producing other As -- we can't explain why there have always been As by saying that there have always been As (Rowe 25). Thus, a self-existing being is the only explanation for the series, and premise (2) is true. Thus, because premise (1) shows that there are only two kinds of beings (dependent or self-existent), and everything cannot be a dependent being, it follows that there must be some self-existing being. So far, it seems that the Cosmological Argument indeed proves the existence of a self-existing being. Both of its premises have been shown to be true, so it passes the premise test, and also, the conclusion follows from the premises -- it passes the

The Student’s Complete Guide to Writing a Religious Studies Term Paper

The Student’s Complete Guide to Writing a Religious Studies Term Paper A term paper is usually a student’s biggest writing project in their class, whether it be for a religious studies class or another class. While term papers are common in college courses, they are sometimes required for high school classes as well. For the purpose of this article, we will give you religious studies term paper writing tips that will work well for both college and high school classes. Other than the topic section, most of this article can also be used for learning how to write a term paper for most other classes. What’s the Point of   Religious Studies Term Paper? You might be wondering what’s the point of writing a term paper. After all, wouldn’t taking a test be a better judge of what you have learned in the class? One of the major reasons why teachers and professors assign term papers is so that they can get a good idea of your communication skills, rather than seeing what you have memorized. Writing a term paper not only uses writing skills, but also research skills. Your term paper should also be able to show your teacher some of the major lessons you have taken from the class. In most cases, when writing a term paper, you can elaborate on something you have learned in class. Don’t be afraid to go into detail and get your hands dirty by digging for sources. Your term paper should be able to prove that you were paying attention in class and that you know how to apply what you have learned. Let’s take a look at some of the ways you can do this in a religious studies class. Picking a Topic and Topic Suggestions: Ideas Tips from Our Academic Writers Picking a topic for a religious studies term paper can be one of the most difficult tasks of the whole assignment. Luckily for you, we have compiled a list of a few topics that you can use for most religious studies classes with prompts for how you might use them in your own paper. Feel free to use any of these topics in your own term paper. Should Church and State be Separate? As an example, the United States of America claims to have a separation of church and state; however, many laws are based on religious beliefs. Should the church and state be separate, or should laws be based on sins? Explain your reasoning. Use examples describing countries that have a separate church and state and countries that don’t. Religion Versus Spirituality Are religion and spirituality the same thing or are they different? Write about what they have in common and what is different between the two. Do some religions include aspects of spirituality? Can one be spiritual but not religious? Teaching Religion in Public Schools: Good or Bad? Should religion be taught in public schools? If so, should only certain religions be taught or should all of the religions be discussed? Find examples of schools that teach religion and schools that are against this practice. Homosexuality and Religion Many religious people are against homosexuality, while other religious people don’t have a problem with it. Do certain religious texts protest or praise homosexuality? If any, what is the penalty for being homosexual? Islam and other Monotheistic Religions Islam has recently been a topic of debate in many countries around the world. However, is Islam really so different from other monotheistic religions? Compare and contrast Islam with other monotheistic religions like Christianity and Judaism. Tips for a Simplified Writing Process Now that we have discussed why writing a term paper is so important and some topics that you can use in your own paper, let’s take a look at how you can get started on writing your own term paper. This section will give you some tips on what to do before, during, and after writing the first draft of your term paper. We will also provide you with some helpful resources and examples of how to implement our tips into your own term paper. Pre-Writing Tips There are a few steps you will want to take before you even start writing your term paper. More than anything else, this section is all about organization and saving time! While doing these pre-writing tips will take up an hour or two before you begin writing your paper, these tips will help you to save time when you are actually writing your term paper. Let’s take a look at how this works. One of the first things you should do after picking out your topic is to make an outline for your term paper. Outlines are one of the best tools a student can use to organize their paper. If you click here, you will be redirected to an outline PDF. You can use this sheet to make your own outline. All you need to do is fill in the blank. Outlines work to fight against writer’s block. Since you will already have all of the main points of your paper outlined, you are less likely to get stuck when you are writing your paper. Just follow your outline and you’ll be golden! The next step to take in your pre-writing is to get all of your research out of the way. Having an outline can also help with knowing what to research. Since you will already have all of your main points written down, you will already know what it is you are supposed to be researching. When you are looking for resources, try to stick to using scholarly sources, as these kinds of sources are more reliable than non-scholarly sources. Once you find a good source to use in your research, make sure to take a bunch of notes! The more notes you take, the less time you will have to spend re-reading the information from your source, whether it be a book, article, or website. When you are taking notes, make sure to write down where you got the source from. Even better, write down the source in MLA formatting, or whatever citation format your professor or teacher requires your source to be written in. You can also type these sources directly in your page, which can help you to save time in the long-run. Term Paper Writing Tips for Religious Studies Classes Now, let’s look at how to actually write your term paper. Since a term paper is one of the largest assignments you are likely to have all term, it is important that you write it right. By reading this section, you can get a great understanding of what goes into a term paper. Learn about each of the prominent sections of a term paper below. Introduction and Thesis Statement The thesis statement is the most important part of the introduction; this is true whether you are writing a term paper, research paper, or even a simple essay. To put it simply, a thesis statement is a one-sentence-long statement that describes the main point(s) of your term paper. When you are writing a thesis statement, you should make sure that it is in the first paragraph of your term paper. You will know if your thesis statement is good if it contains the following elements. it is specific; it is clear; it gives the main point(s) of the term paper; it gives reasoning and/or evidence that supports the main point. Let’s look at an example of a good and bad thesis statement for a religious studies term paper. The first example will be a bad thesis statement, and the second will show how it can be improved upon by using the points above. ‘Some religions think Jesus was the son of God, while other religions think he was just a prophet.’ ‘In the Christian faith, Jesus is seen to be the son of God, proven by the fact that he died on the cross, which Christians say he did to save humanity from their sins; however, Jewish people and Muslims see Jesus as a prophet and think humanity’s real savior has yet to come to Earth.’ On the last note about introductions, it is important to know that the average introduction is only one paragraph long. It always comes at the beginning of the term paper and is used to support the thesis statement. Citations are usually not required in the introduction, but they will need to be used in the body paragraphs. Body Paragraphs Body paragraphs are all about supporting the main argument of your paper. The thesis statement makes up your basic claim and the body paragraphs show the evidence to prove it. Even if your term paper is slightly opinion-based (which is more common in essays than term papers), you should still be able to write about evidence that supports your opinion. When writing a body paragraph, it is important to begin the paragraph with an introduction of its own. The first sentence should always state the paragraph’s main point. The following sentences (usually two to four sentences) should contain the evidence/proof to support your main point. Your evidence will need to be cited! Use internal citations to do this. The last sentence of your body paragraph should be a conclusion use it to sum up your paragraph. Body paragraphs make up the bulk of a term paper, so you will want to make sure you do it right. Adding in your citations is one of the most important steps you can take. If you do not internally cite your sources, then you may end up being accused of plagiarism or even fail your paper. Conclusion In a lot of ways, your conclusion is much like your introduction. When writing your conclusion, you may want to begin by rephrasing your thesis statement. It should be an edited version of your statement, not an exact copy. Next, sum up your body paragraphs. One sentence or less for each paragraph should be good enough. Lastly, add a nice closer to your paper, and that’s it! You’re doneat least with the body of the paper. Page Having a works-cited page is just as important, if not more important, as having internal citations. A works-cited page is simply a list of all of the citations you used in the paper. The citations should also be listed in alphabetical order. Most religious studies classes will likely have you use the MLA format, but others may have you use APA formatting. Ask your teacher which formatting to use if you are unsure. Post-Writing Tips: The Last but Not Least One of the last things you want to do before you turn in a paper is to edit it for clarity, spelling/grammar, and plagiarism. It doesn’t really matter what order you make these edits, so long as you make them before turning in your paper. After all, it’s better that you find and correct your mistakes than your teacher or professor finds them and marks down your grade for it. Follow the tips below to edit your paper: Read your paper out loud to find mistakes you may have glossed over earlier; Have a friend look over your term paper; they may be able to find mistakes that you missed; Run your paper through a spelling and grammar checker, like Grammarly, to find mistakes your word processor may not be able to find; Use a plagiarism checker to find instances of accidental plagiarism. One good checker to use is Turnitin, as they offer free trials of their service. Follow the tips and suggestions in this article and you are sure to write your paper with ease. Remember to always check for mistakes before you turn in your paper! Good luck with your religious studies term paper; we hope we have made the task a little easier for you!

Quantitative tools Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Quantitative tools - Essay Example This clearly shows that these airline staffs are not motivated at their work place. In psychology, motivation is refers to the initiation, direction, intensity and persistence of behavior. It is a temporal and dynamic state that should not be confused with personality or emotion. Motivation is having the encouragement to do something. A motivated person can be reaching for a long-term goal. (Deci and Ryan, 1985) According to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of human needs theory, the most widely discussed theories of motivation, human beings have wants and desires which influence their behavior and only unsatisfied needs can influence behavior, satisfied needs can not. For this case, the pilot and the flight attendants are avoiding to receive the scheduling office's call to fly on holiday since they are dissatisfied with their job and do not want to be given any duty. Maslow says that people are motivated by hierarchy of needs, which includes money and for this case the airline staff are also raising concern that they are not remunerated properly. In the case of the pilots and the flight attendants, the job needs to be redesign which requires specifying the tasks that make up a job for an individual or group.

Strategic management leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Strategic management leadership - Essay Example Fro public organizations to cope with this trend and demand of the present time, there is the need that it adopt a strategic management so as to effectively utilize its resources in meeting immediate objectives and long term goals. Strategic management is then seen as a rational planning process to enable an organization operates more effectively in its environment. To this end, Armitage (1992), define it as a continuous process that works to fit an organization into its changing environment. Thus, strategic management is broader in concept than strategic planning; it entails both strategic planning, which a long term is planning process, and strategic decision, which decisions are taken without consideration to the length of term frame. The strategic management pattern of every organization may differ from what is obtainable in another. While there are areas of similarities, certain aspects are uniquely structured out to suit the operation of the organization in concern. Thus, this essay would compare and contracts on strategic management techniques adopted by two case studies, i.e. Office of Real Property Service (ORPS) and Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). The strategic management techniques would be used at looking at the impact it has on strategic leadership and the strategic processes adopted by each organization THE PROCESS OF AN IDEAL STARTEGIC MANAGEMENT As earlier stated, strategic management entails a continuous process that works to make an organization fit into its operating environment by the adequate utilization of its resources. Thus, it involves strategic planning, i.e. long range planning, and decision making that covers the operational activities of the organization without regards for time frame. The implementation of strategic management system is the administrative responsibility of a group of the firm's partners and managers. According to Armitage (1992), the implementation of the strategic management system must be approached in a manner indicating that the small planning group is not trying to take over the firm. It must be made clear from the start that the group will work within the bounds of the organization and that all members of the firm will have input into the process. The support for the strategic management can be increased by the use of consensus decision making rather than formal vote taking. Voting can le ad to division rather than uniting the organization. Consensus decision on the other hand fosters the working together of workers and leads to increased cooperation among members of the organization. The process of strategic management should first focus on formulating the organization's mission and the overall direction of the organization. With the clarification of this, better goals and objectives can be set for the firm to help achieve its mission. On the early stage, the process of strategic management should attempt at identifying those major strategic issues facing the firm. Also, the leaders of the organization should focus on the future strategic issues the organization may face. The next phase of the process involves analyzing the firm's strength and weakness, involving an environmental analysis, and current

Nutrition for Health and Social Care (DISCUSSION) Assignment

Nutrition for Health and Social Care (DISCUSSION) - Assignment Example One protein is differentiated from another by the sequence of amino acids, and this is responsible for the tertiary structure that defines the function of the protein. The digestion of proteins takes place in the stomach and the small intestines. In the stomach, pepsinogen is secreted from gastric glands and activated by hydrogen ions to pepsin. Pepsin works on long amino acid chains to produce fragments of various sizes referred to as peptides (Protein Digestion & Absorption , 2005). Protein digestion continues in the small intestines where hydrolysis is accomplished by the action of three proteases including procarboxypeptidase, chymotrypsinogen, and trpsinogen (Murray, et al., 2006). Digestion in the small intestines breaks peptides into smaller chains finally resulting into dipeptides and tripeptides (Protein Digestion & Absorption 2005). Individual amino acids that are yielded at the end of the digestion are absorbed through the cell lining the small intestines into the blood stream. After digestion, proteins are used in the body for various functions. About 20 amino acids are yielded after digestions are used to construct proteins for different functions in the body. Proteins are basically used to produce antibodies, for body tissues (production and repair), production of enzymes and storage of products including amino acids. Most of the fats consumed in diet are in the form of triglycerides (Murray, Harper, Granner, Mayes, & Rodwell 2006). Triglycerides are identified by the presence of a backbone, to which fatty acids are attached. Triglycerides are determined by the type of fatty acids attached, and this varies to a large extend (Murray, et al., 2006). There are three types of fatty acids that are classified depending on the number of double bonds in the molecule. The three are identified as Saturates, Monounsaturates, and polyunsaturates (Rose 2013). Polyunsaturates can

What Is Deficit Financing?

What Is Deficit Financing? 7.1: Elaborate what you understand by deficit financing. What do we mean by deficit financing this is a strategy or ways to management of money which when spending is more than collected at the same period of time. In order words this is referred to budget deficit, this approach is used in business that is small, household budgets, in corporations and also in, governments sector mostly in all the level. If deficit financing is used in the right way it will help to launch a chain of the event and this will help in financing situation instead of any debt may cause problem or difficult to pay. Mostly common or know example of government deficit financing is how the government stimulate the economy of that country or nation to put a stop to any recession that country is facing. The government has a set aside a plan which will involved using borrow resources to purchase, the government can use different strategy like increasing demand output for product in all business sector of that nation. It also helps in the motivation of many business in o rder for them to hire more employees and it will reduced the level of unemployment in the country during the period of recession. Further more, the consumer confidence and trust will be restored in the market place because of the safe transformation, and these make it safe for the buyer to buy more goods and services. If the economy of a country in closely looked into and the deficit financing is carefully monitored, it will bring back economy stability in the country over short period of time like few month or few years. Deficit spending in economic does not only occurred in the government sector only but also in all business as well A company may plan to spend a certain amount of money as a kind of upfront thinking that they will be able to generate the fund back for investment .An investor or company owner may decide to buy a new machine for the company production with the hope that a new machine will hasten and make the production of goods in a less period of time with larger unit of goods, and with less cost. This kind of idea or strategy in business help the business to flourish and the manufacturer will be able to pay off his debt and have budget surplus instead of deficit, the owner of the business will be debt free and enjoy the surplus. 7.2: The limitations of Deficit financing being an instrument of economic development. In any given economy, there is a kind of between the government, project output There is always a time lag between Govt. investment and the output from the projects. If the government prints more money out it will cause inflation in that economy and this situation usually affected the poor people in that society. The rich will be richer and the poor will be poorer. The buyer straight will be reducing to greater level and the businessmen profit margin will increase. In any society there is always the people that have and those who do not have so any increase made in price domestics goods leads to importation of cheap goods and the domestic goods high price will reduced the export. This in turn leads to adverse in balance of payments. Never the less this will affect the cost of the production because the raw material used in process of production has being increased, so the goods will be increased as well, perhaps it will definitely reflect on foreign investment, it will be less attrac ted by other country. Listed below are the disadvantages of deficit financing and some other cogent reasons to be alert about a National debt. The interest Payment. In a society people do not lend to the government with the charity. Government must pay interest on every debt they are involved in just like any one in the society, it was recorded that last year government spent the sum of  £31 billon on interest payments alone. Looking at this in a perspective manner it will equate to 15 p on income tax. This amount is more than what UK spends on National Defense. The government borrowing for the year 2007/08 going to be  £42 billion same amount the government pays in interest. The Crowding Out. The government debt always affect the private sector because they sell bond to the private sector in order for the government to borrow money and this in turn lead to less private investment because the government has bombard them with the bonds. Also the private spending is more efficient than the government level of spending because the government result to inefficient spending .this is what we called crowing out, the private investor is crowded out with government bonds because the government needs to borrow the financial crowding out. The financial crowding out is when the government want to borrow large sum of money and they tried to increase the interest rate on bonds in order to attract many lender. The bonds rate is increased this will definitely put pressure on the interest rate generally, in order words this increase in the interest rate will affect the economy of that country because people will reduced their way of spending, investment level will be low and later run the economy growth will be low. The tax rises for the future. The tax rises for the future look into how the public sector debt is being paid. Any increasing public sector debts indicated that the future taxpayer will be the one to bear the burden by paying the bill. No matter the situation of the public sector debt reduced or not, the future taxpayer will be the one to pay the interest on the debts. Further this will a problem because, has it was mentioned above, changing of demographics show that government finances is usually placed under pressure, though without borrowing from at that moment of time. Limits Fiscal Policy In a normal situation the government should be able expand the fiscal policy in a situation where the economy is facing problem or recession. When a government has urge public debt they tried to reduced the scope by lowering tax in order to enhance demand. Then government must increase taxes and cut their spending in order to meet up with the budget .this is advisable because of the existing problems in the market economy. 7.3: Suggested recommendations to eliminate a federal deficit In summary, I like to recommend these three-step formulas for prosperity: 1) Elimination of federal taxes. It will good to cancel government taxes because when the citizen gives money to the government is just like throwing coals to Newcastle. Government is the maker of money, they are the producer that has no limitation to their production. . When the citizen sends taxes to the government, they just used it to pay debt. When you send your tax money to the government, the government simply uses it to pay down debt. When paying down debt it destroys the economy money in a given society. In order words taxes damaged money in the society. More so, the federal tax system is a waste of resources, it will be good if the government can spend the billions of dollars spent on compliance on production of useful goods for citizen and this will ease the problem of the economy and the people. Visualize millions of people shoveling dirt into a hole, while millions more shovel it out. That is our tax system. The first suggested tax that should be eliminated is; the Medicare taxes and Social Security taxes. These will be politically popular; also regressive taxes directly impact businesses on low and the middle income people. That politician that ends FICA will becomes a hero. This will give federal government the opportunity to create money to support retirement and health care sector. 2) Elimination of federal borrowing. Government being a producer of money, an established government will not need to borrow money. These are inefficient; they are harmful, the exercise which provides no economic benefit. The Federal government borrowing provides semantic impression that government is in debt, and people it find repugnant. If there no borrowing; there would not be debt. 3) Establishing a national, money-supply goal. It is good to organize a congress, a congress that will look into the checking account called money created, They will add money to this account when needed. They will write checks and make a kind of transfers from the Money Created account in payment for all goods and services. This will be the suggested system for federal money creation in our economy. The congress will be the one to determine on how much money to be added to the Money Created account, however giving Congress power over money creation. Thus, the Federal will continue to control the interest rates and inflation. The congress will spend what is necessary on retirement, the military health care, crime prevention, education, the infrastructure, and other national needs. The country will be free the tyranny of semantics and the problem of federal debt. This society prosper has rapid growth in their economy.

Plato and Confucius Essay -- Philosophers

Plato and Confucius There are thousands of credible philosophers for people to study today, therefore the choice of who to study becomes a burdening task. Each single one has amazing knowledge and insight that we could all learn something from. There are people who don’t call themselves philosophers but bring philosophical thought to us, and then there are those who dedicate their lives to the love of wisdom. Philosophers have existed for thousands of years, and as long as the sun comes up, there will be philosophers in the future. The human mind is made for philosophizing. So as we young, blossoming philosophers try and make sense of the world in general and the philosophical world specifically, we must find people to enlighten us and share with us their knowledge and theories. These people can range from ancient Chinese philosophers such as Confucius, to early Greek philosophers such as Plato, to more modern philosophers such as Descartes or Locke. Each philosopher brings a different aspect to our learning in their differences in time, culture, knowledge and personality. Many philosophers have a great and withstanding reputation attached to their name, therefore gaining worldwide respect and inquiry. Two of those philosophers are Plato and Confucius. They are perhaps two of the most recognized names in philosophy, and rightly so because of their contributions to the world. All the knowledge that is spoon-fed to us today was not available to these early philosophers, so it makes their ideas even more commendable. Both of these men dedicated their lives to philosophy, and because of that, they have everlasting places in the philosophical world. They are widely followed even today because of their breakthrough theories. Plato an... ...ey are; it is more about how rich and famous you become. I believe that either of these philosophers would be a valuable one to follow. There is no reason why you can’t take lessons from both in an effort to improve your life. They both incorporate fundamental human values like justice, truth, wisdom, goodness, and righteousness in their efforts to improve the human condition, both individually and in society as a whole. Confucius’ ideas may be a little easier to follow since it doesn’t require you to throw your current way of life out the window. His emphasis on simplicity, respect, and understanding could drastically improve the lives of anyone who studies him. However, Plato’s focus on reason is something that could lead you to want to change in an effort to live better. It is obvious that both men have a love of wisdom, and are therefore true philosophers.

Baby Bottle Syndrome

Baby-Bottle Syndrome Putting an infant to bed with a bottle can result in aspiration or decay of all the upper teeth and the lower posterior teeth (Nainar & Mohummed, 2004); (Fig. 28. 21). Decay occurs because while an infant sleeps, liquid from the propped bottle continuously soaks the upper front teeth and lower back teeth (the lower front teeth are protected by the tongue). The problem, called baby-bottle syndrome, is most serious when the bottle is filled with sugar water, formula, milk, or fruit juice. The carbohydrate in these solutions ferments to organic acids that demineralize the tooth enamel until it decays.To prevent this problem, advise parents never to put their baby to bed with a bottle. If parents insist a bottle is necessary to allow a baby to fall asleep, encourage them to fill it with water and use a nipple with a smaller hole to prevent the baby from receiving a large amount of fluid. If the baby refuses to drink anything but milk, the parents might dilute the mil k with water more and more each night until the bottle is down to water only. | | |FIGURE 28. 21 Baby-bottle syndrome. Notice the extensive decay in the upper teeth. (K. L.Boyd, DDS/Custom Medical Stock Photo. ) | Obesity in Infants Obesity in infants is defined as a weight greater than the 90th to 95th percentile on a standardized height/weight chart. Obesity occurs when there is an increase in the number of fat cells due to excessive calorie intake. Preventing obesity in infants is important because the extra fat cells formed at this time are likely to remain throughout childhood and even into adulthood. If a child becomes obese because of overingesting milk, iron-deficiency anemia may also be present because of the low iron content of both breast and commercial milk.Once infant obesity begins, it is difficult to reverse, so prevention is the key (Benton, 2004). Overfeeding in infancy often occurs because parents were taught to eat everything on their plate, and they continue to i nstill this concept in their children. This appears to be the case most often with formula-fed infants whose parents urge them to empty their bottle or finish a cereal serving. It can occur any time parents automatically feed an infant when the child cries, rather than investigating what the cry might really mean. As a general rule, an infant should take no more than 32 oz of formula daily.When solid food is introduced, a bottle of water can be substituted for formula at one feeding. Nonfat milk should not be given because it contains so little fat that essential fatty acid requirements may not be sufficient to ensure cell growth. Another way to help prevent obesity is to add a source of fiber, such as whole-grain cereal and raw fruit, to an infant's diet. These prolong the stomach-emptying time, so they can help reduce food intake. Caution parents about giving obese infants foods with high amounts of refined sugars, such as pudding, cake, cookies, and candy.Encourage parents to lea rn more about balanced nutrition and to provide this for their entire family. Care of Teeth It is well accepted that exposing developing teeth to fluoride is one of the most effective ways to promote healthy tooth formation and prevent tooth decay. The most important time for children to receive fluoride is between 6 months and 12 years of age. A water level of 0. 6 ppm fluoride is recommended because this is the level that protects tooth enamel yet does not lead to staining of teeth.In communities where the water supply does not provide enough fluoride, the use of an oral fluoride supplement beginning at 6 months or the use of fluoride toothpaste or rinses after tooth eruption is recommended (AAP, 2001). P. 849 Teach parents to ask about the presence of fluoride in the drinking water in their community and help them to determine what, if any, supplementation is necessary. Breast-fed infants do not receive a great deal of fluoride from breast milk, so it may be recommended they be g iven fluoride drops once a day.Teach parents to begin â€Å"brushing† even before teeth erupt by rubbing a soft washcloth over the gum pads. This eliminates plaque and reduces the presence of bacteria, creating a clean environment for the arrival of the first teeth. Once teeth erupt, all surfaces should be brushed with a soft brush or washcloth once or twice a day. Children lack the coordination to brush effectively until they are school-age, so parents must be responsible for this activity well past infancy. Toothpaste is not necessary for an infant, because it is the scrubbing that removes the plaque.

Rachels Bus Company Social Impact Model

Rachels Bus Company Social Impact Model The core values of every socially responsible business include accountability, innovation, and opportunity. The social impact model (SIM) explains whether a business addresses every social problem. Such a company utilizes the best hypothesis in order to address some of the major social problems.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Rachel’s Bus Company Social Impact Model specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The business also works hard in order to achieve an enduring resolution. The best practice is pursuing innovative goals in order to address every social problem. Every social entrepreneur should have the best mission and vision. The vision should always redefine and maintain social value. This explains why Rachel’s Bus Company uses the best social impact model (SIM). The owner of Rachel’s Bus Company began by hiring new drivers without any meaningful experience. The company offered different training programs to these drivers. Every driver was also oriented to the company’s culture of professionalism, commitment, and pride. The company also encouraged its drivers to have a unique dress code. This would become a critical part of the company’s ethics. The company was also ready to develop and mentor its drivers. The company encouraged the employees to undertake new driving courses and training programs. This practice would increase their skills. These competencies would make them successful in their future endeavors. This sustainable and innovative approach made the institution prosperous. The working environment remains conducive for every employee. Every person enjoys working for this organization. The company does not discriminate its workers. Every employee is free to make his or her decisions. Rachel allows her earlier employees to work for Rachel’s Bus Company. The company provides the best environment for personal and professional growth.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Many employees such as Johnson have joined the corporation without any experience. The company promotes such employees within a short duration. The company commits itself to the changing needs and expectations of its employees. This philosophy has made the company a leading competitor. The company’s owner always wants her employees to become independent and successful. A sense of independence helps a person achieve more goals within a short time. The company encourages its employees to learn new skills and competencies from the business. Hubka always encourages every employee to remain focused and be ready to achieve his or her goals. Rachel Hubka always helps her employees to achieve their goals. She equips them with new opportunities and skills in order to realize their personal goals. The company’s owner also supports every empl oyee’s decision. This strategy has ensured the company remains innovative. The amazing thing is that the company continues to become successful. Rachel Hubka’s business model has enabled the company to improve its performance. She has continually tested and improved the company’s social impact model. The company has succeeded because it addresses most of the social problems affecting its environment. The company’s decision to remain innovative and accountable has created new opportunities for many employees. Although the company might not have addressed every social problem, the truth is that it has managed to deal with unemployment in the society.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Rachel’s Bus Company Social Impact Model specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Hubka has also managed to provide better and sustainable transport to different students. Many people have benefited from this com pany’s business model. The company has given Hubka a new opportunity to help more people in the community.

Geography of the Worlds Sinkholes

Geography of the World's Sinkholes A sinkhole is a natural hole that forms in the Earths surface as a result of the chemical weathering of carbonate rocks like limestone, as well as salt beds or rocks that can be severely weathered as water runs through them. The type of landscape made up of these rocks is known as karst topography and is dominated by sinkholes, internal drainage, and caves. Sinkholes vary in size but can range anywhere from 3.3 to 980 feet (1 to 300 meters) in diameter and depth. They can also form gradually over time or suddenly without warning. Sinkholes can be found all over the world and recently large ones have opened in Guatemala, Florida, and China. Depending on location, sinkholes are sometimes also called sinks, shake holes, swallow holes, swallets, dolines, or cenotes.   Natural Sinkhole Formation The main causes of sinkholes are weathering and erosion. This happens through the gradual dissolve and removal of water absorbing rock like limestone as percolating water from the Earths surface moves through it. As the rock is removed, caves and open spaces develop underground. Once these open spaces become too large to support the weight of the land above them, the surface soil collapses, creating a sinkhole. Typically, naturally occurring sinkholes are most common in limestone rock and salt beds that are easily dissolved by moving water. Sinkholes are also not normally visible from the surface as the processes that cause them are underground but sometimes, however, extremely large sinkholes have been known to have streams or rivers flowing through them.   Human Induced Sinkholes In addition to natural erosion processes on karst landscapes, sinkholes can also be caused by human activities and land-use practices. Groundwater pumping, for example, can weaken the structure of the Earths surface above the aquifer where the water is being pumped and cause a sinkhole to develop.   Humans can also cause sinkholes to develop by changing water drainage patterns through diversion and industrial water storage ponds. In each of these instances, the weight of the Earths surface is changed with the addition of the water. In some cases, the supporting material under the new storage pond, for example, may collapse and create a sinkhole. Broken underground sewer and water pipes have also been known to cause sinkholes when the introduction of free-flowing  water into otherwise dry ground weakens soil stability.   Guatemala Sinkhole An extreme example of a human-induced sinkhole occurred in Guatemala in late May 2010 when a 60 foot (18 meters) wide and 300 foot (100 meters) deep hole opened in Guatemala City. It is believed that the sinkhole was caused after a sewer pipe burst after tropical storm Agatha caused a surge of water to enter the pipe. Once the sewer pipe burst, the free-flowing water carved out an underground cavity that eventually could not support the weight of the surface soil, causing it to collapse and destroy a three-story building. The Guatemala sinkhole was worsened because Guatemala City was built on land made up of hundreds of meters of a volcanic material called pumice. The pumice in the region was easily eroded because it was recently deposited and loose- otherwise known as unconsolidated rock. When the pipe burst the excess water was easily able to erode away the pumice and weaken the structure of the ground. In this case, the sinkhole should actually be known as a piping feature because it was not caused by entirely natural forces. Geography of Sinkholes As previously mentioned, naturally occurring sinkholes mainly form in karst landscapes but they can happen anywhere with a soluble subsurface rock. In the United States, this is mainly in Florida, Texas, Alabama, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Pennsylvania but about 35-40% of the land in the U.S. has rock beneath the surface that is easily soluble with water. The Department of Environmental Protection in Florida, for example, has a focus on sinkholes and how to educate its residents on what to do should one open up on their property. Southern Italy has also experienced numerous sinkholes, as has China, Guatemala, and Mexico. In Mexico, sinkholes are known as cenotes and they are mainly found on the Yucatan Peninsula. Over time, some of these have filled with water and look like small lakes while others are large open depressions in the land. It should also be noted that sinkholes do not occur exclusively on land. Underwater sinkholes are common around the world and formed when sea levels were lower under the same processes as those on land. When sea levels rose at the end of the last glaciation, the sinkholes became submerged. The Great Blue Hole off the coast of Belize is an example of an underwater sinkhole.   Human Uses of Sinkholes Despite their destructive nature in human-developed areas, people have developed a number of uses for sinkholes. For example, for centuries these depressions have been used as disposal sites for waste. The Maya also used the cenotes on the Yucatan Peninsula as sacrificial sites and storage areas. In addition, tourism and cave diving is popular in many of the worlds largest sinkholes. References Than, Ker. (3 June 2010). Guatemala Sinkhole Created by Humans, Not Nature. National Geographic News. Retrieved from: http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/06/100603-science-guatemala-sinkhole-2010-humans-caused/ United States Geological Survey. (29 March 2010). Sinkholes, from USGS Water Science for Schools. Retrieved from: http://water.usgs.gov/edu/sinkholes.html Wikipedia. (26 July 2010). Sinkhole - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinkhole

Good Intentions Business Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Good Intentions Business - Assignment Example Their promotional policy is that for every pair of shoes bought from the company, company will donate a pair of shoes for a shoeless child. Blake is an American traveler and during his visit to Argentina he observed many children with bare feet. With his pure good intentions, he established a company and named it as TOMS shoes. Keeping the situation of children with bare feet in mind, Blake went to the Argentina in the same year with his colleagues, co-workers, friends and family with 10,000 pairs of shoes, which was made possible by the help of customers of Toms’s shoe. a. The situation TOMS shoes is a company, which has the vision and aspiration to help and give out its finished product (i.e. shoes) to third world societies, where usually the poor roam bare feet. This company gives away a pair in charity against purchase of every pair bought. Mainly they are sending shoes to those countries that are shoeless such as Haiti, South Africa, Ethiopia, Mississippi, Kentucky and Rw anda. This campaign is known as â€Å"One on One†. The situation has led to the high sales of the alpargata in high society of the western world. b. The rationale for your/their actions This â€Å"One on One† campaign is eventually leading the western world; people are buying expensive shoes, as the humanitarian cause is not truly fulfilled through the corporate itself. The prices of TOMS shoes are high comparatively to their competitors, because the customers are getting one shoe pair in price of two pairs. Reason being that the western world consumer is paying for the charity. These shoeless countries are suffering from the diseases like hookworm and elephantiasis; these diseases are found in these countries because more often than usual people roam bare feet on dirty soil. c. The specific poor results However, Blake Mycoskie, the CEO of TOMS Shoes, have initiated this charity work for the shoeless countries, but eventually it ended in the twofold objective. As shoel ess countries are facing diseases due to various reasons such as the hookworm. And such diseases could be tackled by constructing latrine or improve sanitation in Ethiopia. According to the case study, TOMs’ CEO oodles money by keeping the price of the charity purpose pair of shoes same as the normal pair of shoes, but the manufacturing cost of the charity shoe is even lesser than the half of taken. This situation led to running the local shoe industry on the country, as the sales went high up of TOMS shoes and local shoe industry declined. d. The individuals, people, or groups that were affected, and how they were affected Though this charity work has helped a lot of shoeless countries and people, but it has also left negative impact on people’s working there. Donation affected the shoe industry drastically. In a way, TOM shoes were undermining the business of local shoe industry. This in-kind charity can be a short run benefit for the consumers, but the disturbance i n the local industry will lead towards immense poverty in the long run. 2. Using systems thinking apply Singe’s concepts of â€Å"dynamic complexity† and â€Å"circles of causality† to the situation and explain the interactions and relationships. There are two types of â€Å"complexity†, one is detailed complexity which means that a person handles a complex situation that involves

Computer in Elementary School Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6250 words

Computer in Elementary School - Essay Example This essay approves that digital technology systems allow people to connect with one another and with information resources. More specifically, these systems can be designed to facilitate and support information. Then the systems can allow access, exchange, communication, and collaboration among individuals and groups. This in turn helps people in accomplishing their tasks activities. These technologies are often referred to as computer-mediated communication and groupware. Currently, the Internet is the network of choice. The Internet allows educators to connect instructors, learners, and information on a global basis. The popularity of the Internet permits this information to be hypermediated, highly unstructured, and readily available. Consequently, we are currently experiencing an explosion of Internet based instructional systems. The Internet has suddenly become the de facto global technology platform for instruction and learning. Although Internet based instruction is the faste st growing area of educational technology research, we know little about how to effectively design and implement these systems for educational applications. This report makes a conclusion that a review of educational technology literature over the past three decades reveals a proliferation of research articles and national reports detailing the effects of computer technology in the classroom. Recent reports advocate the need to "establish a definition of conditions for effective use of technology; create new measures of progress and indicators of effective use; and design new approaches to assessment and more sensitive evaluation tools".